Mengücek (also spelled as Mengüçlü or Mengujek) was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period, founded after the Battle of Manzikert. The Mengücek Beylik ruled the regions of Erzincan, Kemah and Divriği in Eastern Anatolia in the 12th and 13th centuries.

The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum was the Seljuk Turkish sultanate that ruled in Anatolia in direct lineage from 1077 to 1307, with capitals first at İznik and then at Konya. Since the sultans of Rum were highly mobile, cities like Kayseri and Sivas also functioned at times as capitals. At its height the sultanate stretched across central Turkey from the Antalya-Alanya shoreline on the Mediterranean coast to the territory of Sinop on the Black Sea.

Kipchaks were an ancient Turkic people, first mentioned in the historical chronicles of Central Asia in the 1st millennium BC.The western Kipchaks were known as Cumans (Kumans, Kuns) in Western Europe and Polovtsy (Polovtsians) in Ukraine and Russia, or by other names, most of which have the meaning "pale", or "sallow". Their language was also known as Kipchak.

The Uyghur Empire existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries. They were a tribal confederation under the Uyghur nobility, referred to by the Chinese as the Nine Clans (Chiu Hsing).

Beylik of Karaman or of Karamanoğlu (Karamanoğulları in Turkish plural), also called the Karamanid Dynasty or the Karamanids, was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik state centered in south-Central Anatolia, around the present-day Karaman Province. From the 13th century until its fall in 1467, Karamanoğlu was one of the most powerful states in Anatolia.

The Artuqid Dynasty (Artuklu in Turkish, sometimes also spelled as Artukid or Ortokid; Turkish plural: Artukoğulları) was an Oghuz Turkish dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia and Northern Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Two main branches of the dynasty ruled from Hasankeyf (Hısn-ı Keyf, Hısnkeyfa) between 1102-1231 and Mardin between 1106-1186 (and until 1409 as vassals).