The Ottoman Empire  (1299 to 1922) was a Turkish state which, at the height of its power (16th – 17th centuries), spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar (and in 1553 the Atlantic coast of North Africa beyond Gibraltar) in the west to the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the east, from the edge of Austria and Slovenia and beyond Ukraine in the north to Sudan and Yemen in the south.

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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the Turkish Republic and itsfirst President, stands as a towering figure of the 20th Century. Among the great leadersof history, few have achieved so much in so short period, transformed the life of a nationas decisively, and given such profound inspiration to the world at large.

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Anatolian Turkish Beyliks (Anadolu beylikleri also Turkmen beyliks, Tevâif-i mülûk (in Ottoman Turkish)) were small Turkish emirates or muslim principalities (beylik) governed by tribal beys, which were founded in several locations of Anatolia as of the end of the 13th century.

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The Great Seljuq Empire was a medieval Sunni Muslim empire established by the Qynyq branch of Oghuz Turks that once controlled a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to Eastern Anatolia and from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. 

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The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads, most likely with a Turkic aristocracy.Some of these Eurasian tribes moved into Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries, most famously under Attila the Hun.

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Çaka Bey or Çakabey (Tzachas in Byzantine sources) was the Bey of İzmir (Smyrna) during the Beyliks era in Anatolia between 1081 and 1095.

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The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Menteşe (1260-1424), with capital in Milas in southwest Anatolia and headquartered in Beçin castle near that city, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.

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Alaiye is the medieval Seljuk name for the modern Turkish port city of Alanya, derived from the name of the Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad I. It refers to city-state in a specific period and the beylik which developed around there, at times under the Karamanoğlu dynasty. After the 1242 Battle of Köse Dağ, Seljuks lost control of the city, and it became semi-antonymous.

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The Göktürks or Kök-Türks were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. Known in medieval Chinese sources as Tujue , the Göktürks under the leadership of Bumin Khan (d. 552) and his sons succeeded the Xiongnu as the main Turkic power in the region and took hold of the lucrative Silk Road trade.

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The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Germiyan with its capital in Kütahya was one of the prominent frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.

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